{"id":840,"date":"2017-05-25T10:11:35","date_gmt":"2017-05-25T08:11:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.nazor.org\/?page_id=840"},"modified":"2017-05-30T15:10:38","modified_gmt":"2017-05-30T13:10:38","slug":"byzantska-rise-historicka-pravda-vs-vylhana-historie","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.nazor.org\/?page_id=840","title":{"rendered":"Byzantsk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e: historick\u00e1 pravda vs. vylhan\u00e1 historie"},"content":{"rendered":"

origin\u00e1ln\u00ed zdroj<\/a> – vlastn\u00ed p\u0159eklad 25.05.2017<\/p>\n

Vajerij Fad\u011bjev (Rusko)<\/p>\n

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Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9mu \u010dlov\u011bku\u00a0v\u00fdraz „Byzancium“ evokuje \u0159adu negativn\u00edch asociac\u00ed: v\u00fdchodn\u00ed despotismus, politick\u00e9 intriky, zaostalost atd. Tyto memy<\/a>\u00a0jsou pevn\u011b zako\u0159en\u011bny ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed, v podob\u011b prok\u00e1zan\u00fdch historick\u00fdch skute\u010dnost\u00ed. Tento v\u0161eobecn\u011b p\u0159ij\u00edman\u00fd obraz Byzance je v\u0161ak ve skute\u010dnosti vyroben a nasm\u011brov\u00e1n na ve\u0159ejnost. Ale nen\u00ed za to odpov\u011bdn\u00e9 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 spiknut\u00ed. „V\u011bdeck\u00e1“ historie Byzance je st\u00e1le \u017eiv\u00fdm a mo\u017en\u00e1 t\u00edm nej\u017eiv\u011bj\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkladem toho jak m\u016f\u017ee ideologie deformovat studium lidsk\u00fdch d\u011bjin.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed hypot\u00e9zy o byzantsk\u00e9 historiografii p\u0159edstavil p\u0159ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 200 lety britsk\u00fd historik Edward Gibbon ve sv\u00e9m mnohosvazkov\u00e9m d\u00edle\u00a0 „Historie \u00fapadku a p\u00e1du \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e<\/a>„, zde Gibbon poprv\u00e9 popsal samotn\u00fd \u0158\u00edm p\u0159ed jeho p\u00e1dem v roce 476 <\/strong>a pot\u00e9 zahrnul Byzanci do r\u00e1mce sv\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu, cel\u00e9 d\u00edlo ukon\u010dil jej\u00edm p\u00e1dem v roce 1453. <\/strong>Gibbon shrnul historii Byzantsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, pova\u017eoval ji za shluk skvrn a intrik, symbol historick\u00e9 stagnace a\u00a0zradu ide\u00e1l\u016f starov\u011bku. Zalo\u017eil tradici zp\u016fsobu interpretace byzantsk\u00fdch d\u011bjin a jeho n\u00e1zory ovl\u00e1daly mnoho v\u011bdeck\u00fdch historik\u016f po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bte mnoho let.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledkem je, \u017ee sou\u010dasn\u00fd historik John Norwich musel p\u0159ipustit ve sv\u00e9 knize Byzanc\u00a0(I):\u00a0Rann\u00e1 stalet\u00ed:\u00a0„b\u011bhem m\u00fdch p\u011bti let v jedn\u011bch z nejstar\u0161\u00edch a nejlep\u0161\u00edch anglick\u00fdch ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch\u00a0\u0161kol se zd\u00e1la b\u00fdt Byzanc ob\u011bt\u00ed konspirace ml\u010den\u00ed. Up\u0159\u00edmn\u011b si nemohu vzpomenout, \u017ee by byla zm\u00edn\u011bna, nebo dokonce studov\u00e1na … Mnoho lid\u00ed jak si mysl\u00edm, c\u00edt\u00ed podobnou zmatenost \u010di mlhavost i dnes …<\/p>\n

Pravda o Byzanci<\/strong><\/p>\n

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V\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e roku 600 n.l.<\/p><\/div>\n

\u00a0Odm\u00edtn\u011bme britskou propagandu a pod\u00edvejme se na to, \u010d\u00edm Byzanc skute\u010dn\u011b byla.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Za\u010dneme t\u00edm \u017ee se tak nejmenovala, z\u00e1padn\u00ed historici p\u0159edstavili term\u00edn „Byzantsk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e“ teprve dlouho pot\u00e9 kdy doty\u010dn\u00fd st\u00e1t p\u0159estal existovat. D\u0159\u00edve byla zn\u00e1m\u00e1 jako V\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e a obyvatel\u00e9 se d\u00e1le naz\u00fdvali \u0158\u00edmany. V \u0159e\u010dtin\u011b jsou \u0159\u00edman\u00e9 zn\u00e1m jako „Romioi“, z \u010deho\u017e odvozujeme jinou verzi n\u00e1zvu:\u00a0\u0158\u00ed\u0161e Romaoi. Je zjevn\u00e9, \u017ee nov\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed bylo vyvinuto tak, aby zd\u016fraz\u0148ovalo rozd\u00edly: n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9, kulturn\u00ed a civiliza\u010dn\u00ed mezi Byzanc\u00ed a \u0158\u00edmem, mezi klasickou antikou a histori\u00ed Z\u00e1padu obecn\u011b. \u00da\u010delem bylo\u00a0srovn\u00e1n\u00ed\u00a0„progresivn\u00edho Z\u00e1padu“ a „archaick\u00e9ho V\u00fdchodu“.<\/p>\n

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Peter Paul Rubens: „Konstantin \u0159\u00edd\u00ed budov\u00e1n\u00ed Konstantinopole“ (1624)<\/p><\/div>\n

Tato \u0159\u00ed\u0161e byla zalo\u017eena \u0159\u00edsk\u00fdm c\u00edsa\u0159em Konstantinem\u00a0I. Velik\u00fdm<\/a>\u00a0roku 330 n.l. <\/strong>Pot\u00e9 co z\u00edskal moc, m\u011bl Konstantin v \u00famyslu prohl\u00e1sit k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00edm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm, u\u010dinil tedy radik\u00e1ln\u00ed krok – p\u0159esunul hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto d\u00e1le od k\u0159e\u010dovit\u00fdch a nikdy nekon\u010d\u00edc\u00edch ob\u010dansk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek pohansk\u00e9ho \u0158\u00edma. C\u00edlem bylo mal\u00e9 m\u011bsto na v\u00fdchod\u011b – Byzancie, kterou nazval nov\u00fdm \u0158\u00edmem. Tak vznikla historie Byzantsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, kter\u00e1 trvala v\u00edce ne\u017e 1000 let.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Geograficky se nov\u00fd st\u00e1t dostal do v\u00fdchodn\u00ed oblasti n\u011bkdej\u0161\u00ed \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e a z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st p\u016fvodn\u00edho imp\u00e9ria n\u00e1sledn\u011b zanikla pod \u00fatoky barbar\u016f. V 6. stolet\u00ed se c\u00edsa\u0159i Justinianovi<\/a> dokonce poda\u0159ilo znovu z\u00edskat n\u011bkter\u00e9 ztracen\u00e9 zem\u011b – celou It\u00e1lii, severn\u00ed Afriku a jih Ibersk\u00e9ho poloostrova. To byl nejzaz\u0161\u00ed bod roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed byzantsk\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Po mnoho stalet\u00ed dominovaly\u00a0st\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed ekonomicj\u00e9 a obchodn\u00ed vazby \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. Neexistovalo \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 zbo\u017e\u00ed, kter\u00e9 bz nebylo vyrobeno nebo by nemohlo b\u00fdt zakoupeno na \u00fazem\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. Na sv\u00e9m vrcholu \u0159\u00ed\u0161e vyr\u00e1b\u011bla 90% v\u0161ech produkt\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v Eurasii, z\u00e1padn\u011b od Indie. V\u00fdrazn\u00fd hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd pokles v\u0161ak nastal ve 12. a 13. stolet\u00ed pod tlakem Ben\u00e1tek a Janova.<\/p>\n

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Chr\u00e1m Hagia Sphia, postaven r. 537 – rekonstrukce<\/p><\/div>\n

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Konstantinopole byla nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdm m\u011bstem. Odhaduje se, \u017ee v 7. stolet\u00ed dos\u00e1hla populace 700 tis. obyvatel. V t\u00e9 dob\u011b nem\u011bla Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e 15 000 lid\u00ed. Muselo by uplynout jest\u011b noho stalet\u00ed, ne\u017e by bylo mo\u017eno porovn\u00e1vat jak\u00e9koliv evropsk\u00e9 m\u011bsto s Konstantinopol\u00ed. Majest\u00e1tn\u00ed katedr\u00e1la Hagia Sophia<\/a> postaven\u00e1 v roce 537 byla nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdm kostelem na sv\u011bt\u011b a\u017e do roku 1626, kdy byla v \u0158\u00edm\u011b vysv\u011bcena bazilika sv. Petra. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, trvalo p\u0159es 1000 let ne\u017e n\u011bkdo p\u0159ekonal byzantsk\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed stavitelstv\u00ed. M\u011bsto bylo napln\u011bno pal\u00e1ci, kostely, vilami boh\u00e1\u010d\u016f a um\u011bleck\u00fdmi d\u00edly. Kdy\u017e k\u0159iz\u00e1ci Konstantinopoli obsadili v roce 1204, tis\u00edce plenitel\u016f se pak vr\u00e1tilo dom\u016f po mnoha dnech drancov\u00e1n\u00ed jako bohat\u00ed mu\u017eov\u00e9. B\u011bhem t\u00e9to doby bylo zni\u010deno mnoho starov\u011bk\u00fdch um\u011bleck\u00fdch d\u011bl. V\u00fdprava k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f se jen velmi m\u00e1lo li\u0161ila od toho co se d\u011blo b\u011bhem rabov\u00e1n\u00ed barbar\u016f v \u0158\u00edm\u011b skoro o tis\u00edc let d\u0159\u00edve.<\/p>\n

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Stopy tohoto masivn\u00edho\u00a0rozkr\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed jsou\u00a0viditeln\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b dnes, nap\u0159.\u00a0v Ben\u00e1tk\u00e1ch. Bazilika sv. Marka<\/a>, nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed turistick\u00e1 atrakce v tomto velkolep\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b, byla postavena v\u00a09. stolet\u00ed ve stroh\u00e9m rom\u00e1nsk\u00e9m stylu (v t\u00e9 dob\u011b na Z\u00e1pad\u011b nebyla \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 jin\u00e1). Ale vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vzhled katedr\u00e1ly\u00a0se po k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 v\u00fdprav\u011b\u00a0z roku 1204 dramaticky zm\u011bnil – byla ozdobena sloupy a hlavami byzantsk\u00fdch pal\u00e1c\u016f. Slavn\u00e9 Triumf\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dty\u0159sp\u0159e\u017e\u00ed, d\u00edlo velk\u00e9ho klasick\u00e9ho socha\u0159e Lysipposa, je vid\u011bt na balk\u00f3n\u011b katedr\u00e1ly. Kvadriga byla tak\u00e9\u00a0uchv\u00e1cena v Konstantinopoli, i kdy\u017e\u00a0takov\u00e1 socha\u00a0kon\u00ed, jak by se dalo o\u010dek\u00e1vat, by m\u011bla st\u00e1t sp\u00ed\u0161e na hipodromu. Z n\u011bjak\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu ji Ben\u00e1t\u010dan\u00e9 postavili na\u00a0k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fd chr\u00e1m, zjevn\u011b z nesm\u00edrn\u00e9 hrdosti na svou\u00a0v\u00e1le\u010dnou ko\u0159ist.<\/p>\n

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\u010cty\u0159sp\u0159e\u017e\u00ed (Quadriga) od klasick\u00e9ho socha\u0159e Lysippose na balk\u00f3n\u011b baziliky sv. Marka v Ben\u00e1tk\u00e1ch. Socha byla uloupena z Konstantinopole po drancov\u00e1n\u00ed roku 1204.<\/p><\/div>\n

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Nebyly to v\u0161ak tyto mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9\u00a0\u010diny imp\u00e9ria – jeho bohatstv\u00ed, obchod, budov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u011bst a\u00a0neoby\u010dejn\u00e9 chr\u00e1my, um\u011bn\u00ed a diplomacie – kter\u00e9\u00a0zv\u00fdraz\u0148uj\u00ed Byzanci v lidsk\u00fdch d\u011bjin\u00e1ch, i kdy\u017e to nen\u00ed \u0161patn\u00fd seznam a ur\u010dit\u011b stoj\u00ed za\u00a0pozornosti v historick\u00fdch knih\u00e1ch. C\u00edsa\u0159 Konstantin splnil sv\u016fj sen vyhl\u00e1sit k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. Pr\u00e1v\u011b toto rozhodnut\u00ed m\u011blo ur\u010dovat osud cel\u00e9 z\u00e1padn\u00ed Eurasie v nadch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch stolet\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Konstantin se rozhodl u\u010dinit tento krok v dob\u011b, kdy k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed bylo ji\u017e v \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b kv\u016fli neslu\u010ditelnosti s pohansk\u00fdmi v\u00edrami m\u011bla nov\u00e1 v\u00edra ve skute\u010dnosti podzemn\u00ed povahu a to\u00a0\u010dasto vedlo ke krut\u00e9mu pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed\u00a0k\u0159es\u0165an\u016f. Ale st\u00e1l\u00fd proud konvertit\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b vysok\u00fdch \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f, vojensk\u00fdch d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f a bohat\u00fdch, stejn\u011b jako oby\u010dejn\u00fdch lid\u00ed, byl tak velk\u00fd, \u017ee\u00a0nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9 zcela potla\u010dit\u00a0toto nov\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. Jakmile vy\u0161la z podzem\u00ed ven, \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 p\u0159ijali novou v\u00edru en masse a rychle se posunuli od pohanstv\u00ed ke k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n

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\u0158eho\u0159 Theolog – ikona namalovan\u00e1 v Srbsku r. 1204<\/p><\/div>\n

K\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e1 teologie rozkvetla. Klasick\u00e1 tradice\u00a0p\u0159e na\u0161la nov\u00fd z\u00e1klad s p\u0159\u00eddavkem siln\u00e9 intelektu\u00e1ln\u00ed bariery. Vezm\u011bte si nap\u0159\u00edklad Basileje Velik\u00e9ho<\/a>, \u0158eho\u0159e Theologa<\/a>\u00a0(\u0158eho\u0159 z Nyssy) a Jana Chrysostomu<\/a>\u00a0(Jan Zlato\u00fast\u00fd) – t\u0159i velk\u00e9 svat\u00e9 a k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 studenty Athanasia\u00a0Alexandrijsk\u00e9ho<\/a> a Jana z Dama\u0161ku<\/a>, jedn\u00edm z jeho\u017e n\u00e1sledovn\u00edk\u016f se stal Tom\u00e1\u0161 Akvinsk\u00fd<\/a>, velk\u00fd latinsk\u00fd teolog a autor knihy\u00a0Summa Theologica<\/em><\/a>. Tito v\u00fdznamn\u00ed myslitel\u00e9 poskytli\u00a0v\u00fdchoz\u00ed teologickou z\u00e1kladnu pro nov\u00fd sv\u011bt.<\/p>\n

Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 poznamenat, \u017ee v r\u00e1mci toho, co bylo nyn\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdm imp\u00e9riem, existoval klasick\u00fd sv\u011bt. Byla to prost\u011b \u010d\u00e1st ka\u017edodenn\u00edho \u017eivota, jako sochy kon\u00ed na Konstantinopolsk\u00e9m hipodromu a vlastn\u011b jako samotn\u00fd hipodrom jako n\u011bco, co by bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt pro masovou z\u00e1bavu. Ani klasick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed nebylo zak\u00e1z\u00e1no: Platonova akademie byla nap\u0159\u00edklad uzav\u0159ena a\u017e v roce 529<\/strong>. Klasick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed nebylo zak\u00e1z\u00e1no, stalo se zastaral\u00fdm a bylo nahrazeno novou filozofi\u00ed – k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00edm<\/em>.<\/p>\n

A tak shrn\u0148me na\u0161e pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bry. Nen\u00ed pravda, \u017ee \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e byla zni\u010dena pod n\u00e1porem barbar\u016f, co\u017e vedlo k n\u00e1stupu „temn\u00e9ho v\u011bku“. Z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st \u0159\u00ed\u0161e le\u017eela v trosk\u00e1ch, ale jej\u00ed v\u00fdchodn\u00ed\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed vzkv\u00e9tala. Na V\u00fdchod\u011b nebyly \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 „temn\u00e9 v\u011bky“. Naopak, vynikla\u00a0velk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, kter\u00e9 te\u010f nikdo nepot\u0159ebuje.<\/p>\n

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origin\u00e1ln\u00ed zdroj – vlastn\u00ed p\u0159eklad 25.05.2017 Vajerij Fad\u011bjev (Rusko) Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9mu \u010dlov\u011bku\u00a0v\u00fdraz „Byzancium“ evokuje \u0159adu negativn\u00edch asociac\u00ed: v\u00fdchodn\u00ed despotismus, politick\u00e9 intriky, zaostalost atd. Tyto memy\u00a0jsou pevn\u011b zako\u0159en\u011bny ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed, v podob\u011b prok\u00e1zan\u00fdch historick\u00fdch skute\u010dnost\u00ed. Tento v\u0161eobecn\u011b p\u0159ij\u00edman\u00fd obraz Byzance je…<\/p>\n

Read more →<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":740,"menu_order":5,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-840","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nazor.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/840","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nazor.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nazor.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nazor.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nazor.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=840"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.nazor.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/840\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":856,"href":"https:\/\/www.nazor.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/840\/revisions\/856"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nazor.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/740"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nazor.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=840"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}