{"id":764,"date":"2017-03-09T10:08:20","date_gmt":"2017-03-09T09:08:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.nazor.org\/?page_id=764"},"modified":"2017-03-09T11:27:43","modified_gmt":"2017-03-09T10:27:43","slug":"proc-spojene-staty-spalili-japonska-mesta-v-roce-1945","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.nazor.org\/?page_id=764","title":{"rendered":"Pro\u010d Spojen\u00e9 St\u00e1ty sp\u00e1lili japonsk\u00e1 m\u011bsta v roce 1945"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pro\u010d Spojen\u00e9 St\u00e1ty sp\u00e1lily japonsk\u00e1 m\u011bsta v roce 1945?<\/p>\n

origin\u00e1l zdroj<\/span><\/u><\/a> – vlastn\u00ed p\u0159eklad 9.3.2017<\/p>\n

Oriental Review<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

P\u0159ed sedmdes\u00e1ti lety byly atomov\u00e9 bomby zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako\u00a0Chlape\u010dek a\u00a0Tlou\u0161t\u00edk svr\u017eeny na Hiro\u0161imu a Nagasaki. V Hiro\u0161im\u011b bylo okam\u017eit\u011b zabito\u00a0asi 90.000 osob;\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch 40.000 lid\u00ed bylo zran\u011bno, z nich mnoz\u00ed zem\u0159eli po vlekl\u00fdch bolestech na nemoc z oz\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. O t\u0159i dny pozd\u011bji zabil\u00a0druh\u00fd atomov\u00fd \u00fader na m\u011bsto Nagasaki\u00a0asi 37.000 lid\u00ed a zranil dal\u0161\u00edch\u00a043.000 obyvatel. Spole\u010dn\u011b tyto\u00a0dv\u011b bomby nakonec zabily odhadem 200.000 japonsk\u00fdch civilist\u016f. Bylo\u00a0opravdu pot\u0159eba vytvo\u0159it tuhle no\u010dn\u00ed m\u016fru? U\u010dinil opravdu tento prudk\u00fd \u00fatok Japonsko ochotn\u00fdm se vzd\u00e1t? Pro ve\u0159ejnou diskusi v USA je to p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 citliv\u00e9 t\u00e9ma, kter\u00e9 d\u00e1v\u00e1 zbytku sv\u011bta pr\u00e1vo pokl\u00e1dat Washingtonu n\u011bkter\u00e9 nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky.<\/p>\n

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Ot\u00e1zka 1.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty\u00a0svrhly\u00a0dv\u011b atomov\u00e9 bomby na Japonsko, t\u0159et\u00ed mohla b\u00fdt p\u0159ipravena\u00a0k dod\u00e1n\u00ed podle brig\u00e1dn\u00ed gener\u00e1l Leslie Groves, \u0159editele projektu Manhattan,\u00a0nejpozd\u011bji do 17. nebo 18.srpna nebo \u010dtvrtiny z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1945. Ale americk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dn\u00ed velen\u00ed\u00a0nikdy nezru\u0161ilo sv\u00e9\u00a0cvi\u010den\u00ed pro operaci Downfall<\/a> – pozemn\u00ed invazi japonsk\u00fdch ostrov\u016f. Jak moc japonsk\u00fdch m\u011bst by nakonec bylo sp\u00e1leno Ameri\u010dany\u00a0v pr\u016fb\u011bhu 12 dn\u016f (srpen 9.-20., 1945) v Mand\u017eusku, kdyby Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz nebyl vymazal Kuantungskou arm\u00e1du<\/a>, nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed\u00a0velitelstv\u00ed\u00a0japonsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy s v\u00edce ne\u017e milionem voj\u00e1k\u016f, a tak nezbylo\u00a0c\u00edsa\u0159i Hirohitovi nic jin\u00e9ho krom\u011b kapitulace?<\/p>\n

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Ot\u00e1zka 2.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Do srpna 1945, US Air Force\u00a0terorizovaly japonsk\u00e1 m\u011bsta s pou\u017eit\u00edm konven\u010dn\u00edch bomb po dobu n\u011bkolika m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f. N\u00e1sledky byly stejn\u011b \"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

katastrof\u00e1ln\u00ed jako osud Dr\u00e1\u017e\u010fan<\/a> a Hamburku.\u00a0Z Tokia zb\u00fdvala ji\u017e dlouho p\u0159ed \u00fatoky na Hiro\u0161imu a Nagasaki jenom mal\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee z\u00e1m\u011brem bylo zni\u010den\u00ed taktick\u00fdch c\u00edl\u016f (Hiro\u0161ima byla jedn\u00edm z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch vojensk\u00fdch center z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed japonsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy a n\u00e1mo\u0159nictva), nebylo by to b\u00fdvalo lep\u0161\u00ed,\u00a0kdyby bylo pou\u017eito konven\u010dn\u00edch zbran\u00ed? Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee Nagasaki byl zvolena t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 n\u00e1hodn\u011b (letadlo p\u016fvodn\u011b let\u011bl do Kokura, ale kv\u016fli obla\u010dnosti nebylo schopno uvolnit sv\u016fj n\u00e1klad,\u00a0obr\u00e1tilo se nam\u00edsto toho k Nagasaki) dokazuje, \u017ee jadern\u00e9 bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed Japonska byl prost\u011b provedeno za \u00fa\u010delem terorizov\u00e1n\u00ed zem\u011b. P\u016fvodn\u011b vybran\u00fdmi c\u00edli pro \u00fatok byli Niigata (vojensk\u00e1 z\u00e1kladna a pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 centrum), Yokohama (pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 centrum), Kokura (sost\u0159e\u010fuj\u00edc\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed arzen\u00e1l a sklad) a Kj\u00f3to (pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 centrum). Kyoto byl vy\u0159azeno ze „seznamu smrti“, kv\u016fli sv\u00e9 historick\u00e9 hodnot\u011b, d\u00edky\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdm americk\u00fdm gener\u00e1l\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed\u00a0ji nav\u0161t\u011bvovali p\u0159ed v\u00e1lkou.<\/p>\n

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Ot\u00e1zka 3.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00edsa\u0159 Hirohito a jeho v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fd kabinet dlouhou dobu brali v \u00favahu z\u00edskan\u00e9 spolehliv\u00e9 posouzen\u00ed rozsahu nehody a u\u010dinili politick\u00e9 rozhodnut\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b n\u00e1sledky prvn\u00edho v\u00fdbuchu. Tokyo se dozv\u011bd\u011blo o pou\u017eit\u00ed t\u011bchto d\u0159\u00edve nezn\u00e1m\u00fdch zbran\u00ed hromadn\u00e9ho ni\u010den\u00ed d\u00edky americk\u00e9mu rozhlasov\u00e9mu vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed. C\u00edsa\u0159 se\u00a0daleko v\u00edce zaj\u00edmal o postoje Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu, pokud jde o v\u00e1lku na D\u00e1ln\u00e9m v\u00fdchod\u011b.\u00a0Byl p\u0159ipraven se vzd\u00e1t se ji\u017e v kv\u011btnu 1945, ale ne bezpodm\u00edne\u010dn\u011b jako N\u011bmci. Cht\u011bl \u010destnou kapitulaci, kterou by zachr\u00e1nit sv\u016fj re\u017eim (co\u017e se nakonec stalo) a arm\u00e1du. Jeho trumfem v politick\u00e9 obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed byla existence st\u00e1le \u017eivotaschopn\u00e9 Kwantungsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy. Toto a ne m\u00fdtick\u00e9 „stovky tis\u00edc sebevra\u017eedn\u00fdch pilot\u016f,“ p\u0159edstavovalo nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hrozbu\u00a0spojenc\u016fm. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee by Kwantungsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da nebyla utrp\u011bla drtivou por\u00e1\u017eku, Japonsko st\u00e1le mohlo protahovat v\u00e1lku je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bkolik m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f.\u00a0Spojenci by se ocitli zapleten\u00ed do masivn\u00ed operace na pevninsk\u00e9 \u010c\u00edn\u011b, na co\u017e\u00a0v USA nebyli p\u0159ipraveni.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Origin\u00e1ln\u00ed titulek: Kantaro Suzuki (1867-1948),\u00a0Japonsk\u00fd n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed d\u016fstojn\u00edk a politik. Slou\u017eil ve v\u00e1lk\u00e1ch proti \u010c\u00edn\u011b a Rusku.\u00a0Premier\u00a0Japonska\u00a0od\u00a0dubna\u00a0do srpna 1945. — Image by \u00a9 Bettmann\/CORBIS<\/p><\/div>\n

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Vstup SSSR do v\u00e1lky proti Japonsku dne 9.srpna 1945 m\u011bl rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed vliv na rozhodnut\u00ed Japonska kapitulovat.<\/strong> Ten t\u00fd\u017e den japonsk\u00fd premi\u00e9r Kantaro Suzuki prohl\u00e1sil na zased\u00e1n\u00ed Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 rady:<\/p>\n

\u00a0… Vstup Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu do v\u00e1lky dnes r\u00e1no n\u00e1s stav\u00ed do zcela bezmocn\u00e9 pozice a \u010din\u00ed pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00e1lky nemo\u017en\u00fdm …<\/em><\/p>\n

(Richard Hart, „Towards Decolonization“, strana 133)<\/p>\n

\u00a0O \u010dty\u0159i dny pozd\u011bji, kdy\u017e byl\u00a0osud\u00a0Kwantungsk\u00e9ho velen\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 hotovou v\u011bc\u00ed, se c\u00edsa\u0159 Hirohito rozhodl vzd\u00e1t. Tak\u017ee\u00a0co bylo t\u00edm co nejv\u00edce ovlivnilo jeho rozhodnut\u00ed –\u00a0byly to\u00a0panick\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy\u00a0vojensk\u00fdch velitel\u016f v Mand\u017eusku nebo americk\u00e9ho rozhlasov\u00e9 vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed?<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Ot\u00e1zka 4.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ani prezident Truman ani\u00a0americk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da a ani zbytek sv\u011bta v z\u00e1sad\u011b nepochopil d\u016fsledky atomov\u00e9 bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b \u017ee v\u011bdci, kte\u0159\u00ed vytvo\u0159ili bombu si mohli teoreticky p\u0159edstavit, jak\u00fd by mohl b\u00fdt jej\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek. Ale praktick\u00e9 aspekty\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00ed jadern\u00fdch zbran\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako z\u00e1kladn\u00ed principy jejich spravov\u00e1n\u00ed byly\u00a0vyvinuty a\u017e pot\u00e9, kdy v\u0161ichni vid\u011bl dopady bomb na Hiro\u0161imu a Nagasaki.<\/p>\n

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Teprve pak do\u0161lo k pochopen\u00ed\u00a0mechanismu v\u00fdvoje\u00a0\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed ot\u0159esov\u00fdch, sv\u011bteln\u00fdch, tepeln\u00fdch a eletronov\u00fdch\u00a0vln, a teprve pak se to stalo mo\u017en\u00fdm odhadnout \u0161kodu t\u00edm studiem krajiny a po\u010das\u00ed. \u00da\u010dinky radiace byly studov\u00e1ny roky pozd\u011bji, na z\u00e1klad\u011b pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed „HIBAKUSHA<\/a>“ – na v\u00edce ne\u017e 200.000 lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed byli posti\u017eeni spadem. Tak\u017ee je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee v t\u00e9 dob\u011b v USA existovalo prost\u011b\u00a0poku\u0161en\u00ed, aby byl proveden experiment na civiln\u00edm obyvatelstvu\u00a0v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho soupe\u0159e, jen tak, aby mohli b\u00fdt dopln\u011bny\u00a0v\u011bdeck\u00fdch z\u00e1znamy?<\/p>\n

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Ot\u00e1zka 5.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 skute\u010dn\u00e9 d\u016fvody se domn\u00edvat, \u017ee v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee by v\u00e1lka pokra\u010dovala s pou\u017eit\u00edm konven\u010dn\u00edch zbran\u00ed by to m\u011blo za n\u00e1sledek katastrof\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b ob\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 byly p\u0159edpov\u00edd\u00e1ny US gener\u00e1ln\u00edm \u0161t\u00e1bem a prezidentem Trumanem<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Pouze na dvou ostrovech – Saipan a Okinawa – p\u0159edvedli Japonci\u00a0sv\u016fj nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed divok\u00fd a fanatick\u00fd odpor. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, \u017ee \u00famrt\u00ed kamikadze\u00a0zp\u016fsobovala americk\u00fdm pragmatick\u00fdm admir\u00e1l\u016fm bolesti \u017ealudku. Av\u0161ak rychl\u00e9 zni\u010den\u00ed Kwantungsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy, stejn\u011b jako oboj\u017eiveln\u00e9 operace Sov\u011bt\u016f v Koreji a na Kurilsk\u00fdch ostrovech (tato vylod\u011bn\u00ed se jen m\u00e1lo li\u0161ila od t\u011bch, kter\u00e9 provedli b\u011bhem sv\u00fdch \u00fato\u010dn\u00fdch operac\u00ed Ameri\u010dan\u00e9, ale byla l\u00e9pe organizov\u00e1na), uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee notoricky zn\u00e1m\u00e1 „japonsk\u00fd mor\u00e1lku“ u\u017e byla zni\u010dena. Tak\u017ee, koho m\u011bl Washington v \u00famyslu zastra\u0161it – demoralizovan\u00e9 japonce nebo jeho budouc\u00edho soupe\u0159e ve studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lce, tj Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz?<\/p>\n

Atomov\u00fd vzkaz<\/a><\/p>\n

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Pro\u010d Spojen\u00e9 St\u00e1ty sp\u00e1lily japonsk\u00e1 m\u011bsta v roce 1945? origin\u00e1l zdroj – vlastn\u00ed p\u0159eklad 9.3.2017 Oriental Review P\u0159ed sedmdes\u00e1ti lety byly atomov\u00e9 bomby zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako\u00a0Chlape\u010dek a\u00a0Tlou\u0161t\u00edk svr\u017eeny na Hiro\u0161imu a Nagasaki. V Hiro\u0161im\u011b bylo okam\u017eit\u011b zabito\u00a0asi 90.000 osob;\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch 40.000 lid\u00ed…<\/p>\n

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