{"id":655,"date":"2016-01-26T11:19:47","date_gmt":"2016-01-26T10:19:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.nazor.org\/?page_id=655"},"modified":"2016-01-27T12:56:27","modified_gmt":"2016-01-27T11:56:27","slug":"2-americke-federalni-rezervy","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.nazor.org\/?page_id=655","title":{"rendered":"2. Americk\u00e9 Feder\u00e1ln\u00ed rezervy"},"content":{"rendered":"

P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh 2<\/span><\/strong>. <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Americk\u00e9 Feder\u00e1ln\u00ed rezervy<\/p>\n

origin\u00e1l zdroj<\/span><\/u><\/a> – vlastn\u00ed p\u0159eklad 26.1.2016<\/p>\n

Nikolaj Starikov (Rusko)<\/p>\n

„… bylo n\u00e1m \u0159e\u010deno, abychom zapom\u011bli\u00a0p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed\u00a0v\u0161ech, s k\u00fdm jsme ve\u010de\u0159eli den p\u0159ed odjezdem. Dohodli jsme se na setk\u00e1n\u00ed v ur\u010dit\u00fd \u010das na vlakov\u00e9m n\u00e1dra\u017e\u00ed u \u0159eky Hudson v New Yorku, ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u011bl\u00a0p\u0159ij\u00edt s\u00e1m a\u00a0tak diskr\u00e9tn\u011b\u00a0jak je to jen mo\u017en\u00e9. Na n\u00e1dra\u017e\u00ed jsme\u00a0po\u010dkali na osobn\u00ed automobile sen\u00e1tora Aldriche,\u00a0p\u0159ipojen\u00fd k posledn\u00edmu vozu\u00a0vlaku m\u00ed\u0159\u00edc\u00edho na jih.“<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0„Kdy\u017e jsem nastoupil do auta, z\u00e1clony byly zata\u017eeny a jen slab\u00fd z\u00e1blesk \u017elut\u00e9ho sv\u011btla d\u00e1val tu\u0161it tvar oken. Uvnit\u0159 byla p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed tabu, oslovovali jsme se jako „Ben“, „Paul“, „Nelson“, „Abe.“ … Rozhodli jsme se uch\u00fdlit k je\u0161t\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmu utajen\u00ed a\u00a0p\u0159estali pou\u017e\u00edvat k\u0159estn\u00ed jm\u00e9na.“<\/em><\/p>\n

Co to je? Popis setk\u00e1n\u00ed tajn\u00fdch agent\u016f? Setk\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161\u00e9f\u016f mafie? Ne, to byla slova jednoho ze zakladatel\u016f Feder\u00e1ln\u00edho Rezervn\u00edho Syst\u00e9mu, kter\u00fd popisuje tajnou sch\u016fzku, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 padlo\u00a0kone\u010dn\u00e9 rozhodnut\u00ed o vytvo\u0159en\u00ed FED.\u00a0Konalo se v roce 1910\u00a0na mal\u00e9m ostrov\u011b Jekyll v Atlantick\u00e9m oce\u00e1nu. V souladu se v\u0161emi pravidly spiknut\u00ed cestovali\u00a0bank\u00e9\u0159i\u00a0na ostrov zakr\u00fdvaj\u00edce sv\u00e1 jm\u00e9na a pouze zv\u00fd\u0161uj\u00edce svou anonymitu p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edjezdu.<\/p>\n

\u00a0„T\u00fddne a\u017e deset dn\u016f jsme byli zcela izolov\u00e1ni od okoln\u00edho sv\u011bta,\u00a0nepou\u017e\u00edvali jsme\u00a0telefony nebo telegraf. Byli\u00a0jsme ukryti na pust\u00e9m ostrov\u011b.\u00a0Byla tam spousta barevn\u00fdch slu\u017eebn\u00edk\u016f, ale ti nem\u011bli ani\u00a0tu\u0161en\u00ed, kdo byl tento Ben nebo Paul nebo Nelson, nemluv\u011b o Vanderlipovi nebo Davisonovi a Andrewovi. V\u0161echna tato jejich jm\u00e9na na nikoho neukazuj\u00ed.<\/em> „[Frank A. Vanderlip, prezident, First National City Bank\u00a0From Farm Boy Financier. New York: Appleton, 1935.]<\/p>\n

\"ga-jekyll-island-7705\"<\/a>\u00a0Stejn\u011b jako bandit\u00e9 pod rou\u0161kou noci, bank\u00e9\u0159i tajn\u011b proklouzli na tento odlehl\u00fd ostrov pomoc\u00ed k\u00f3dov\u00fdch jmen a zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed. Setk\u00e1n\u00ed se konalo v jedn\u00e9 z konferen\u010dn\u00edch m\u00edstnost\u00ed hotelu nyn\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho jako Jekyll Island Club Hotel, kde se \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci dohodli na\u00a0pl\u00e1nu a podle Franka Vanderlipa sen\u00e1tor Aldrich napsal svou \u0159e\u010d ke\u00a0kongresu [ibid]. Tento mu\u017e, Nelson Aldrich, navrhl vytvo\u0159en\u00ed soukrom\u00e9 centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 b\u00fdt naz\u00fdv\u00e1na Feder\u00e1ln\u00edm rezervn\u00edm syst\u00e9mem.<\/p>\n

Ale ka\u017ed\u00e1 akce mus\u00ed d\u016fvod, tak\u017ee ke zm\u011bn\u011b finan\u010dn\u00edho modelu zem\u011b pot\u0159ebovali take\u00a0d\u016fvod – finan\u010dn\u00ed. Z\u00e1minka, pod kterou americk\u00fd Sen\u00e1t navrhl FED, byla velkorys\u00e1. Cht\u011bli\u00a0vytvo\u0159it entitu, kter\u00e1 by se zab\u00fdvala finan\u010dn\u00ed nestabilitou\u00a0profesion\u00e1ln\u00edm zp\u016fsobem. K od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed takov\u00e9ho opat\u0159en\u00ed ale bylo t\u0159eba n\u011bjak\u00e9 nestability.\u00a0Tak\u017ee n\u011bjak\u00e9 vytvo\u0159ili.<\/p>\n

Na sv\u011bt\u011b nen\u00ed jedin\u00e1 banka, kter\u00e1 by z\u016fstala existovat, kdyby v\u0161ichni jej\u00ed klienti po\u017eadovali najednou sv\u00e9 pen\u00edze zp\u011bt. A pokud by Va\u0161i bankovn\u00ed p\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9\u00a0odm\u00edtli tuto banku \u00fav\u011brovat a nam\u00edsto toho po\u017eadovali okam\u017eit\u00e9 splacen\u00ed v\u0161ech dluh\u016f banky, jej\u00ed kolaps by byl nevyhnuteln\u00fd. A tak byla pe\u010dliv\u011b organizov\u00e1na krize, kter\u00e1 ve\u0161la ve zn\u00e1most jako Panika z roku 1907<\/a>. Pod\u00edv\u00e1me-li se pe\u010dliv\u011b na tuto krizi,\u00a0vid\u00edme a\u017e bolestn\u011b podobn\u00fd obraz \u2013 mate\u0159sk\u00e9 znam\u00e9nko v\u0161ech budouc\u00edch kriz\u00ed. V\u0161echny se podobaj\u00ed jedna druh\u00e9 jako dvoj\u010data \u2013 ne proto, \u017ee jsou zp\u016fsobeny stejn\u00fdm ekonomick\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem, ale proto, \u017ee jsou organizov\u00e1ny ve stejn\u00e9m stylu.<\/p>\n

Jako c\u00edl byla vybr\u00e1na investi\u010dn\u00ed banka Knickerbocker Trust<\/a>.\u00a0Byl to t\u0159et\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hr\u00e1\u010d na trhu. N\u00e1hle se objevili pov\u011bsti o v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdch probl\u00e9mech banky a investo\u0159i za\u010dali stahovat sv\u00e9 pen\u00edze. \u0160\u00e9f Knickerbocker Trust\u00a0se pak obr\u00e1til o pomoc k p\u0159edn\u00edmu bank\u00e9\u0159i t\u00e9 doby \u2013 Johnu Pierpont Morganovi <\/a>(J. P. Morgan). Ten ale odm\u00edt pomoci i\u00a0p\u0159esto, \u017ee byl v p\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9m vztahu s majiteli probl\u00e9mov\u00fdch bank. Zv\u011bsti o Morganov\u011b odm\u00edtnut\u00ed vyvolali paniku, kter\u00e1\u00a0dos\u00e1hla vrcholu\u00a022.\u0159\u00edjna 1907<\/strong>. Mezi ran\u00edm otev\u0159en\u00edm banky a polednem bylo vkladateli vybr\u00e1no asi 8 milion\u016f dolar\u016f \u2013\u00a0cca $50 milion\u016f dnes \u2013 a Knickerbocker Trust v t\u00e9 dob\u011b zav\u0159ela a ukon\u010dila v\u0161echny platby.<\/p>\n

Vkladatel\u00e9 sp\u011bchali s ulo\u017een\u00edm sv\u00fdch pen\u011bz do jin\u00fdch<\/span> finan\u010dn\u00edch instituc\u00ed<\/span>. <\/span>23.\u0159\u00edjna 1907\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>se<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>panika roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila<\/span> na Trust Company<\/span> of America<\/span>, druh\u00fd<\/span> nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed\u00a0trust<\/span> v zemi<\/span>. <\/span>Ten vydal vkladatel\u016fm<\/span> 16 milion\u016f dolar\u016f,<\/span> ze sv\u00fdch\u00a060<\/span> milion\u016f<\/span> dolar\u016f aktiv<\/span> za den.<\/span> Do 24.\u0159\u00edjna se<\/span> krize<\/span>\u00a0roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila na <\/span>New York Stock Exchange (New Yorksk\u00e1 burza cenn\u00fdch pap\u00edr\u016f)<\/span>. <\/span>Jeden po druh\u00e9m<\/span>, banky<\/span>, makl\u00e9\u0159sk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti<\/span> a<\/span> fondy<\/span> za\u010daly<\/span> zav\u00edrat<\/span> a vyhla\u0161ovat \u00fapadek <\/span>(nejm\u00e9n\u011b<\/span> sedm<\/span> insolventn\u00edch bank<\/span> toho dne padlo) \u2013 <\/span>a to nejen v New<\/span> Yorku, ale<\/span> v cel\u00e9 zemi<\/span> [ibid<\/span>].<\/span><\/p>\n

\"jpmorgan<\/a><\/p>\n

A<\/span> pak<\/span>, <\/span>kdopak <\/span>vstoupil do d\u011bje jako <\/span>zachr\u00e1nce dne<\/span>, nikdo jin\u00fd ne\u017e<\/span> J.<\/span> P.<\/span> Morgan<\/span>. <\/span>On ve skute\u010dnosti je <\/span>„zachr\u00e1nce<\/span>“ americk\u00e1 ekonomiky<\/span>\u00a0jedn\u00edm<\/span> z hlavn\u00edch<\/span> organiz\u00e1tor\u016f<\/span> krize<\/span>. <\/span>Morgan<\/span> odm\u00edtl<\/span> urovnat probl\u00e9my<\/span> na po\u010d\u00e1tku<\/span>, <\/span>dal<\/span> jim \u010das<\/span> k r\u016fstu a pak se<\/span>\u00a0rozhodn\u011b postavil\u00a0<\/span>k<\/span> jejich<\/span> rychl\u00e9mu odstran\u011bn\u00ed<\/span>.\u00a0On a jin\u00ed<\/span> nalili<\/span> 25 milion\u016f dolar\u016f<\/span> do<\/span> americk\u00e9ho finan\u010dn\u00edho<\/span> trhu<\/span> a situace se<\/span> tak stabilizovala<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e1 finan\u010dn\u00ed krize poch\u00e1z\u00ed z nedostatku fian\u010dn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f. Jakmile se pen\u00edze objev\u00ed, krize je u konce.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nejlep\u0161\u00edm<\/span> hasi\u010dem<\/span> je v\u017edy<\/span> \u017eh\u00e1\u0159\u00a0s\u00e1m<\/span>.<\/span><\/em>
\n\u00a0Skryt\u00e9<\/span> hra\u010dky<\/span> v temn\u00e9 m\u00edstnosti<\/span>\u00a0v\u017edy na\u0161li<\/span> nejrychleji<\/span> ti,<\/span> kte\u0159\u00ed v\u011bd\u00ed<\/span>, kde\u00a0le\u017e\u00ed<\/span>.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Banky za\u010daly vyd\u00e1vat<\/span> osv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed<\/span> \u2013 „<\/span>n\u00e1hrada<\/span> pen\u011bz<\/span>“ \u2013 <\/span>s c\u00edlem<\/span> zv\u00fd\u0161it nab\u00eddku pen\u011bz<\/span>. <\/span>Morgan<\/span> podpo\u0159il<\/span> um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed dluhopis\u016f<\/span>\u00a0m\u011bsta New<\/span> York<\/span>, <\/span>a t\u00edm se uchr\u00e1nil p\u0159ed\u00a0<\/span>bankrotem.<\/span> Pravomoc\u00a0Johna<\/span> Pierponta<\/span> byla velmi vysok\u00e1,<\/span> „Je dob\u0159e<\/span> zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee jeho<\/span> slovo\u00a0d\u011blalo bezpe\u010dn\u00fdmi\u00a0<\/span>v\u0161echny<\/span> cenn\u00e9 pap\u00edry<\/span>.“ \u00a0[\u0410<\/span>. <\/span>Greenspan<\/span>. <\/span>V\u011bk<\/span> Turbulenc\u00ed<\/span>, <\/span>\u041c<\/span>., <\/span>Penguin<\/span> Press<\/span> HC<\/span>, <\/span>2007<\/span>, <\/span>\u0441<\/span>.<\/span>38<\/span>]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

P\u0159i „<\/span>z\u00e1chran\u011b<\/span> zem\u011b<\/span>“ <\/span>J.<\/span> P.<\/span> nezapom\u011bl sebrat smetanu: <\/span>pod z\u00e1minkou<\/span> z\u00e1chrany<\/span> sv\u00e9ho \u017eivota<\/span> z\u00edskal<\/span> \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti<\/span> Tennessee<\/span> Coal a Iron and Railroad,<\/span> kter\u00e9 st\u00e1li<\/span> tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v tv\u00e1\u0159 hroz\u00edc\u00edmu<\/span> \u00fapadku a ohro\u017eovali<\/span> mnoho makl\u00e9\u0159\u016f<\/span>, kte\u0159\u00ed vlastn\u00ed<\/span> jejich akcie.<\/span> A<\/span> i kdy\u017e<\/span> prezident Roosevelt<\/span> byl proti<\/span> vzniku<\/span> monopol\u016f<\/span>, <\/span>v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b\u00a0<\/span>se d\u00edval<\/span> na druhou stranu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Panika z roku 1907 zp\u016fsobil pokles v \u0159ad\u011b ekonomick\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f. Akciov\u00fd trh klesl o 37%, nejm\u00e9n\u011b 25 bank a 17 trust\u016f zkrachovalo, ceny komodit klesly o 21%, ro\u010dn\u00ed produkce\u00a0klesla o 11%, zat\u00edmco nezam\u011bstnanost vzrostla z 2,8% na 8%. Mnoho instituc\u00ed tak\u00e9 trp\u011bl. Morgan vy\u0161el z krize s nezpochybniteln\u00fdmi v\u00fdhodami: v\u011bd\u011bl o kruzi p\u0159edem, proto\u017ee ji s\u00e1m vytvo\u0159il. Prodal akcie koupil, kter\u00e9 levn\u011b nakoupil s\u00a0velk\u00fdm ziskem, zat\u00edmco st\u00e1le vyd\u011bl\u00e1vat na koupi\u00a0spr\u00e1vn\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed, kdy\u017e vstupoval do krize. Ale bank\u00e9\u0159ovou\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdhrou byla\u00a0hlavn\u011b\u00a0ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 d\u016fv\u011bryhodnost. V\u0161ichni m\u011bli nab\u00fdt p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee kdyby\u00a0nebylo pro Morganovi v\u010dasn\u00e9 intervence, krize by se \u00fapln\u011b vymkla kontrole. V \u010dervnu 1908 byly ekonomick\u00e9 ukazatele\u00a0op\u011bt na vzestupu. Na Princeton University byl\u00a0„hrdina“\u00a0dokonce poct\u011bn t\u00edm, \u017ee o n\u011bm nov\u00fd Americk\u00fd prezident Woodrow Wilson<\/a> \u0159ekl: „V\u0161echny tyto pot\u00ed\u017ee by mohly b\u00fdt odvr\u00e1ceny, pokud bychom jmenovali v\u00fdbor, \u0161est nebo sedm ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho \u010dinn\u00fdch mu\u017e\u016f, jako je J. P. Morgan, kte\u0159\u00ed by\u00a0\u0159e\u0161ili z\u00e1le\u017eitosti na\u0161\u00ed zem\u011b.“<\/p>\n

A\u00a0\u010diny n\u00e1sledovaly slova. Abychom pochopili p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny n\u00e1hl\u00e9 krize, byla zalo\u017eena N\u00e1rodn\u00ed M\u011bnov\u00e9 Komise (National Monetary Commision). [Aldrich-Vreeland<\/a> Act ze 30.kv\u011btna 1908] Jeho \u00fakolem bylo zjistit stav bankovn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu a podat doporu\u010den\u00ed Kongresu. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, v\u00fdbor byl slo\u017een\u00fd p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z p\u0159\u00e1tel a komplic\u016f Morgana –\u00a0„spasitele“. Sen\u00e1tor Nelson Aldridge<\/a> byl jmenov\u00e1n\u00a0p\u0159edsedou v\u00fdboru. [Nelson Aldridge (Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich) byl pou\u017eit z toho d\u016fvodu, \u017ee jeho dcera byla provd\u00e1na za bank\u00e9\u0159e John Rockefeller Jr.<\/a>. Jeho vnuk u\u017e se jmenoval Nelson Aldridge Rockefeller<\/a>\u00a0a pozd\u011bji se stal americk\u00fdm viceprezidentem pod Geraldem Fordem<\/a>. Nikdo nezn\u00e1 skute\u010dn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na majitel\u016f FEDu \u2013 v\u0161echny zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00e9 seznamy\u00a0jsou jen spekulac\u00ed. Ale s nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed mezi „\u0161\u0165astn\u00e9“\u00a0pat\u0159\u00ed Morganov\u00e9, Rockefellerov\u00e9, Wartburgov\u00e9. Komise se pustila do pr\u00e1ce \u2013\u00a0je snadn\u00e9 odhadnout, \u017ee jej\u00edm hlavn\u00edm z\u00e1v\u011brem bylo, \u017ee k „porozum\u011bn\u00ed“ je t\u0159eba vytvo\u0159it struktury, ur\u010den\u00e9 k regulaci finan\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu a zabr\u00e1nit dal\u0161\u00edm kriz\u00edm. To nakonec vedlo k tajemn\u00e9mu setk\u00e1n\u00ed bank\u00e9\u0159\u016f na Jekyll Island, kde se rozhodli, \u017ee p\u0159i\u0161el \u010das pro vytvo\u0159en\u00ed FED.<\/p>\n

Feder\u00e1ln\u00ed Rezervn\u00ed<\/span> <\/a>Syst\u00e9m<\/a> byl p\u0159edstaven<\/span> jako v\u0161el\u00e9k na<\/span> v\u0161echny<\/span> finan\u010dn\u00ed pot\u00ed\u017ee.<\/span> Nov\u00e1<\/span> instituce<\/span> byla vytvo\u0159ena<\/span> „pouze“ k\u00a0regulaci<\/span> komer\u010dn\u00edch bank a k uji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, \u017ee se tyto neztrat\u00ed p\u0159i hran\u00ed na burze<\/span>. <\/span>A<\/span> aby to<\/span> fungovalo efektivn\u011b<\/span>, <\/span>regul\u00e1tor m\u011bl<\/span> b\u00fdt nez\u00e1visl\u00fd ….<\/span><\/p>\n

\"woodrow-wilson1\"<\/p>\n

V prosinci 1913 <\/strong>p\u0159inesl\u00a0Nelson Aldridge n\u00e1vrh z\u00e1kona o Feder\u00e1ln\u00edm Rezervn\u00edm Syst\u00e9mu na p\u016fdu Sen\u00e1tu USA. Ani\u017e bychom zab\u00edhali do nudn\u00fdch podrobnost\u00ed o hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed, je t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee pouze jeden kongresman se vyslovil proti n\u00e1vrhu z\u00e1kona. Nositelem toho\u00a0„hrozn\u00e9ho“ p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed byl sen\u00e1tor Gilbert M. Hitchcock<\/a>, kter\u00fd souhlasil s pot\u0159ebou finan\u010dn\u00edch slu\u017eeb regul\u00e1tora, ale ne\u010dekan\u011b navrhl novelu z\u00e1kona, kter\u00e1 by vynechala j\u00e1dro, kter\u00e9 bank\u00e9\u0159i pot\u0159ebovali.\u00a0Navrhl, aby se stal\u00a0Feder\u00e1ln\u00ed Rezervn\u00ed Syst\u00e9m\u00a0ve\u0159ejn\u00fdm, sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e soukrom\u00fdm monopolem a pravomoc vyd\u00e1vat m\u011bnu by znovu spo\u010d\u00edvala na Ministerstvo Financ\u00ed. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, z pro n\u00e1s dnes nezn\u00e1m\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f byly\u00a0Hitchcockovi\u00a0pozm\u011b\u0148ovac\u00ed n\u00e1vrhy zam\u00edtnuty a n\u00e1vrh z\u00e1kona rychle pro\u0161el. Americk\u00fd prezident n\u00e1vrh podepsal jako z\u00e1kon je\u0161t\u011b\u00a0v t\u00e9m\u017ee roce, n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed t\u00fdden v roce 1913. [John Pierpont Morgan ne\u017eil dost dlouho aby vid\u011bl v\u00fdsledky toho \u010deho byl duchovn\u00edm otcem. Zem\u0159el v \u0158\u00edm\u011b 31.b\u0159ezna 1913<\/strong>. Jeho n\u00e1stupcem v \u010dele \u0159\u00ed\u0161e byl\u00a0jeho synem … John Pierpont „Jack“ Morgan<\/a>. Stejn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no\u00a0otce a syna vedlo k nejasnostem p\u0159i popisu ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, mnoho autor\u016f, zd\u00e1 se v\u011b\u0159ilo, \u017ee zakladatel FED nal\u00e9zl elix\u00edr v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9ho ml\u00e1d\u00ed a dlouhov\u011bkosti.<\/p>\n

Sp\u011bchaje<\/span> pry\u010d<\/span> k v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edmu krocanovi p\u0159evle\u010den\u00ed za losy,<\/span> se sen\u00e1to\u0159i<\/span> nijak zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 nevzru\u0161ovali\u00a0finan\u010dn\u00edmi<\/span> pravdami<\/span>. <\/span>Ti<\/span>, kte\u0159\u00ed pochopili<\/span> jak\u00fdm druhem<\/span> revoluce<\/span> v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch sv\u011bta<\/span> je vytvo\u0159en\u00ed Feder\u00e1ln\u00edch<\/span> Rezerv<\/span> by<\/span> m\u011bli p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dit sv\u00e9<\/span> kolegy<\/span> o moudrosti<\/span> rozhodnut\u00ed<\/span>. <\/span>A<\/span> bank\u00e9\u0159i byli<\/span> u vytr\u017een\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

„<\/span>Celkov\u011b<\/span> to je n\u00e1dhern\u00fd<\/span> z\u00e1kon, kter\u00fd<\/span> ud\u011blal mnoho pro<\/span> zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed stability<\/span> na\u0161ich bank<\/span> a<\/span> m\u011bny<\/span>,“ [<\/span>New York Times<\/span>, <\/span>Sen\u00e1tu<\/span> 20.prosince 1913<\/span>] <\/span>\u0159ekl Edmund<\/span> Drosera<\/span> Hulbert<\/span>, <\/span>viceprezident<\/span> Merchants Loan and Trust Company.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bude to „v\u00e9st<\/span> k\u00a0regulovateln\u00e9<\/span> m\u011bn\u011b<\/span>, <\/span>kter\u00e1<\/span> n\u00e1s ochr\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed t\u011bmito panikami<\/span>,“ <\/span>souhlasil<\/span> jeho kolega<\/span> V.<\/span> M.<\/span> Gabliston<\/span>, p\u0159edseda<\/span> First National Bank of<\/span> Richmond<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

„<\/span>P\u0159ijet\u00ed t\u00e9to finan\u010dn\u00ed<\/span> pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u00fapravy bude<\/span> m\u00edt pozitivn\u00ed dopad<\/span> na cel\u00fd n\u00e1rod<\/span>, <\/span>ale tak\u00e9<\/span> usnadn\u00ed obchod.<\/span> Zd\u00e1 se,<\/span> vstupujeme do \u00e9ry<\/span> v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9<\/span> prosperity<\/span>“ [<\/span>E.<\/span> Satton<\/span> „The Power of the Dolar<\/span>„<\/span>], z\u00e1\u0159il\u00a0prezident American <\/span>National Bank<\/span> Oliver<\/span> J.<\/span> Sands.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sladk\u00e1 slova, kter\u00e1 prov\u00e1zela zah\u00e1jen\u00ed Feder\u00e1ln\u00edho Rezervn\u00edho Syst\u00e9mu rozhodn\u011b nem\u011bla\u00a0\u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd vliv na realitu. FED nebyl vytvo\u0159en na ochranu proti budouc\u00edm kriz\u00edm. Ve skute\u010dnosti byl opak pravdou, byl vytvo\u0159en s c\u00edlem zah\u00e1jit je\u00a0(krize)\u00a0v prav\u00fd \u010das. Amerika byla ji\u017e jednou podman\u011bna, kdy\u017e Evropan\u00e9 p\u0159i\u0161li se st\u0159eln\u00fdmi zbran\u011bmi a kovan\u00fdm brn\u011bn\u00edm, kter\u00e9 nemohlo b\u00fdt prora\u017eeno kop\u00edmi a \u0161\u00edpy Indi\u00e1n\u016f. Podobn\u011b na za\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed bank\u00e9\u0159i obdr\u017eel n\u00e1stroje, s nimi\u017e by mohli dominovat nad touto po\u017eehnanou zem\u00ed. Maje kontrolu nad vyd\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm americk\u00e9ho dolaru, mohli tajn\u00ed majitel\u00e9 stroje FED \u0159\u00eddit\u00a0vzestupy a p\u00e1dy prezident\u016f a zcela manipulovat politiky Spojen\u00fdch St\u00e1t\u016f Americk\u00fdch …<\/p>\n

Nejlep\u0161\u00ed zp\u016fsob, jak n\u011bco skr\u00fdt je to vystavit. V\u0161echny informace o FED jsou naprosto voln\u00e9. Nen\u00ed t\u0159eba\u00a0konspira\u010dn\u00ed teorie \u2013 online\u00a0nav\u0161tivte\u00a0ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky FED: www.federalreserve.gov.<\/a> Jd\u011bte tam a klikn\u011bte na odkaz „History“ na lev\u00e9 stran\u011b (zm\u011bna str\u00e1nek – pozn.prekl. viy. odkaz<\/a>. Uvid\u00edte p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh stvo\u0159en\u00ed „mal\u00e9ho podniku“ a dokonce i portr\u00e9ty jeho hrdin\u016f: J. P. Morgana a Nelsona Aldriche. Kdesi na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch je zasut\u00fd odkaz ozna\u010den\u00fd „Struktura a Funkce“, kde jste\u00a0vyzv\u00e1ni ke spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed „Strukture Tour“ \u2013 kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed cesty\u00a0FEDem, vyprav\u011b\u010d jeho\u017e hlas se podob\u00e1 hlasu pro sci-fi filmy za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bt p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh. D\u00edvejte\u00a0se, poslouchejte. Je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 uv\u011b\u0159it, \u017ee FED opravdu existuje. Je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 si p\u0159edstavit, \u017ee sv\u011bt byl u\u010din\u011bn t\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem. Ale je to skute\u010dnost. Sta\u010d\u00ed jen, aby jste byli schopni \u010d\u00edst, sledovat a analyzovat.<\/p>\n

V\u011bnujte pozornost<\/span> fr\u00e1zi „<\/span>Fed<\/span> je<\/span> sm\u011bs ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch a soukrom\u00fdch<\/span> prvk\u016f<\/span>.“ [<\/span>http:\/\/www.federalreserveeducation.org\/fed101\/structure<\/span>\/]<\/span><\/p>\n

Ani FED<\/span> nebude<\/span> tvrdit, \u017ee\u00a0<\/span>je vl\u00e1dn\u00ed<\/span> strukturou!<\/span> Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, \u017ee<\/span> to nen\u00ed<\/span> komplikovan\u00e1\u00a0<\/span>„sm\u011bs“<\/span> podnik\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span> Stejn\u011b jako nen\u00ed nikde k nalezen\u00ed, <\/span>jak\u00e9 procento<\/span> je<\/span> „soukrom\u00e9<\/span>“ <\/span>a<\/span> jak\u00e9 procento<\/span> „ve\u0159ejn\u00e9<\/span>„<\/span>. …<\/span>
\nJe to v\u0161echno tak<\/span> ban\u00e1ln\u00ed<\/span> a<\/span> jednoduch\u00e9<\/span>, <\/span>i p\u0159es<\/span> spletit\u00fd<\/span> syst\u00e9m<\/span>. <\/span>Dlouho p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e<\/span> byl\u00a0Feder\u00e1ln\u00ed Rezervn\u00ed Syst\u00e9m zalo\u017een<\/span>, \u0159ekl o tomto starov\u011bk\u00fd<\/span> b\u00e1sn\u00edk<\/span> Virgil<\/span> velkou v\u011bc: „Proklet\u00fd<\/span> hlad po<\/span> zlat\u011b!<\/span> Co v\u0161echno donut\u00ed ud\u011blat smrteln\u00edky?“<\/span><\/p>\n

Nic se nezm\u011bnilo.<\/p>\n

A tak dnes v\u00edme, \u017ee US dolar nen\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed Spojen\u00fdm St\u00e1t\u016fm. Ale z\u00e1zraky nekon\u010d\u00ed…..<\/p>\n

V\u00edte v jak\u00fdch hodnot\u00e1ch jsou vyd\u00e1v\u00e1ny dolary?<\/p>\n

Obvykle lid\u00e9 \u0159eknou: 1,5,10,20,50,100.<\/p>\n

V\u0161e je spr\u00e1vn\u011b. Zku\u0161en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed u\u017eivatel\u00e9 p\u0159idaj\u00ed dvoudolarov\u00e9 mince. Ty jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ny\u00a0za sb\u011bratelskou raritu a obvykle miz\u00ed z ob\u011bhu, jakmile se dostanou do rukou \u010dlov\u011bka, kter\u00fd zn\u00e1 jejich hodnotu.<\/p>\n

Jak\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed denominace zn\u00e1te?<\/p>\n

Na tuto ot\u00e1zku u\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 m\u00e1lokdo. <\/span>Ukazuje se, \u017ee<\/span> existuje<\/span> mno\u017estv\u00ed bankovek,<\/span> o jejich\u017e existenci v\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed nev\u00ed<\/span>.<\/span> Dolary p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed v hodnot\u00e1ch <\/span>500<\/span>, <\/span>1000<\/span>, <\/span>5000<\/span>, <\/span>10 000 a<\/span> 100 000 .<\/span> To, \u017ee nikdo nev\u00ed,<\/span> je<\/span> z jednoho prost\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu<\/span> \u2013 tyto denominace je zak\u00e1z\u00e1no vyv\u00e9zt\u00a0<\/span>mimo \u00fazem\u00ed Spojen\u00fdch St\u00e1t\u016f<\/span> v souladu s m\u011bnov\u00fdmi z\u00e1kony zem\u011b<\/span>. <\/span>Bankovky<\/span> $100,000 (<\/span>vydan\u00e9<\/span> s<\/span> gold certifikac\u00ed<\/span> v roce 1934<\/span>) <\/span>nikdy \u0161li<\/span> do ob\u011bhu<\/span> a jsou pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny pouze pro<\/span> transakce<\/span> mezi<\/span> Feder\u00e1ln\u00edmi Rezervn\u00edmi baankami.<\/span> Vid\u011bli jste n\u011bkterou<\/span>?<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00edte co<\/span> nebo sp\u00ed\u0161e<\/span> kdo<\/span> je vyobrazen na\u00a0<\/span>bankovkce s nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hodnotou<\/span>? \u010c\u00edm<\/span> portr\u00e9tem<\/span> je<\/span> ozdobena<\/span>\u00a0100000USD<\/span> bankovka? <\/span>Odpov\u011b\u010f na tuto ot\u00e1zku by<\/span> nem\u011bla b\u00fdt<\/span> obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e1, pokud\u00a0<\/span>si uv\u011bdom\u00edte, \u017ee<\/span> pen\u00edze<\/span> Spojen\u00fdch St\u00e1t\u016f<\/span> nejsou ti\u0161t\u011bny<\/span> vl\u00e1dou.<\/span> Feder\u00e1ln\u00ed Rezervn\u00ed Syst\u00e9m<\/span> m\u00e1 sv\u00e9<\/span> hrdiny, svou<\/span> vlastn\u00ed stupnici<\/span> hodnot<\/span>, sv\u00e9<\/span> „mazl\u00ed\u010dky<\/span>“ <\/span>ve tm\u011b<\/span> lesa<\/span>\u00a0Americk\u00e9 historie.<\/span><\/p>\n

Na<\/span> sto tis\u00edci<\/span> dolarov\u00e9<\/span> bankovce, <\/span>nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed nomin\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnot\u011b<\/span>, je tv\u00e1\u0159<\/span> 28.<\/span> prezident Spojen\u00fdch St\u00e1t\u016f<\/span> Woodrowa<\/span> Wilsona<\/span> \u2013 skute\u010dn\u00e9ho <\/span>prezidenta, kter\u00fd<\/span> podepsal<\/span> Federal Reserve<\/span> Act<\/span> a vytvo\u0159il<\/span> FED<\/span> [<\/span>http:\/\/money.dmd.ru\/description\/dollars<\/span><\/a>\/<\/a>]. <\/span>Podle<\/span> tiska\u0159sk\u00fdch stroj\u016f<\/span> Feder\u00e1ln\u00edho Rezervn\u00edho Syst\u00e9mu <\/span>byl<\/span>\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm v\u016fdcem<\/span>\u00a0v Americk\u00e9 historii.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"100000-USD-a\"<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh 2. Americk\u00e9 Feder\u00e1ln\u00ed rezervy origin\u00e1l zdroj – vlastn\u00ed p\u0159eklad 26.1.2016 Nikolaj Starikov (Rusko) „… bylo n\u00e1m \u0159e\u010deno, abychom zapom\u011bli\u00a0p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed\u00a0v\u0161ech, s k\u00fdm jsme ve\u010de\u0159eli den p\u0159ed odjezdem. Dohodli jsme se na setk\u00e1n\u00ed v ur\u010dit\u00fd \u010das na vlakov\u00e9m n\u00e1dra\u017e\u00ed u \u0159eky…<\/p>\n

Read more →<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":344,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-655","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nazor.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/655","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nazor.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nazor.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nazor.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nazor.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=655"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.nazor.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/655\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":666,"href":"https:\/\/www.nazor.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/655\/revisions\/666"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nazor.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/344"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nazor.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=655"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}